The parties facing charges for failing to meet workplace safety obligations during the deadly 2019 White Island volcanic eruption have made their first court appearances.
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A total of 22 people - including 14 Australians - were killed when Whakaari erupted in December 2019, with 47 tourists and guides on the island.
Most others on the island were left with life-threatening burns and other severe injuries.
The biggest investigation in WorkSafe NZ's history concluded last December with charges of failing to guarantee a safe workplace.
The preliminary hearing in Auckland District Court on Friday - held under tight COVID restrictions - did not make findings or require defendants to enter pleas.
It did reveal the 13 parties facing charges, including seven tourism operators, two government bodies and three individuals.
The tourism outlets are Inflite Charters, ID Tours, Tauranga Tourism Services, White Island Tours, Kahu NZ, Volcanic Air Safaris and Aerius.
Government agencies National Emergency Management Agency and GNS Science also face charges.
The island's owners - James, Peter and Andrew Buttle and their ownership company Whakaari Management - round out the 13 parties.
Each organisation faces a maximum fine of $NZ1.5 million ($A1.4 million) and individuals could be charged $NZ300,000 ($A279,000).
A coronial inquest into the devastating eruption is also ongoing, with some of the families of those killed or injured pursuing separate legal avenues.
The next hearing will take place in the Whakatane District Court on June 3 and 4.
Australian Associated Press
